Capacitors Blog

Suntan Technology Company Limited
---All kinds of Capacitors

In a way, a capacitor is a little like a battery. Although they work in completely different ways, capacitors and batteries both store electrical energy. If you have read How Batteries Work, then you know that a battery has two terminals. Inside the battery, chemical reactions produce electrons on one terminal and absorb electrons on the other terminal. A capacitor is much simpler than a battery, as it can't produce new electrons -- it only stores them.

In this article, we'll learn exactly what a capacitor is, what it does and how it's used in electronics. We'll also look at the history of the capacitor and how several people helped shape its progress.

Inside the capacitor, the terminals connect to two metal plates separated by a non-conducting substance, or dielectric. You can easily make a capacitor from two pieces of aluminum foil and a piece of paper. It won't be a particularly good capacitor in terms of its storage capacity, but it will work.

In theory, the dielectric can be any non-conductive substance. However, for practical applications, specific materials are used that best suit the capacitor's function. Mica, ceramic, cellulose, porcelain, Mylar, Teflon and even air are some of the non-conductive materials used. The dielectric dictates what kind of capacitor it is and for what it is best suited. Depending on the size and type of dielectric, some capacitors are better for high frequency uses, while some are better for high voltage applications. Capacitors can be manufactured to serve any purpose, from the smallest plastic capacitor in your calculator, to an ultra capacitor that can power a commuter bus. NASA uses glass capacitors to help wake up the space shuttle's circuitry and help deploy space probes. Here are some of the various types of capacitors and how they are used.

• Air - Often used in radio tuning circuits
• Mylar - Most commonly used for timer circuits like clocks, alarms and counters
• Glass - Good for high voltage applications
• Ceramic - Used for high frequency purposes like antennas, X-ray and MRI machines
• Super capacitor - Powers electric and hybrid cars

In the next section, we'll take a closer look at exactly how capacitors work.

Suntan Technology Company Limited
---All kinds of Capacitors

In many ways capacitors are the hidden saving grace of the electronics world. They play an essential role in smoothing switch transitions by storing and releasing a small amount of energy over short time scales. Although inductors can play the same role, I think it is safe to say that without small, accurately valued capacitors the modern electronics industry would be a very different beast. Essentially, capacitors store charge, which means that the amount of charge they can store is related to the area available to put said charges. Over recent years, the development of better control over small scale structuring has lead to large increases in capacitance in relatively small packages. The increases have been such that there have been some thoughts of putting these supercapacitors to work as battery replacements in applications where high currents are required.

On that front we can present some good news. Last month Science reported that scientists had observed an unexpectedly large increase in capacitance in some nanoporous materials. A capacitor at its most simple is a couple of parallel metal plates, where the capacitance increases with the size of the plates and as the two plates get closer together. Unfortunately, increasing the area without too much thought is a quick way to find yourself ordering another 19 inch rack for your capacitors, while sparks, ashes, and electrical fires come from the plates getting too close together. However, an alternative is to roughen the surface and include an electrolyte, which effectively replaces the second plate. This increases the surface area of the plates without increasing the volume. The development of nanoporous materials has lead to dramatic increases in the surface area of capacitors and hence a reasonably sized supercapacitor. Exploring nanoporous carbon for capacitance is nothing new, however, previous methods had very little control over the pore size. Here the researchers developed a different fabrication process that allows them to control the pore size to within 0.05nm. The process begins with a carbide substrate, which is a metal plus carbon atoms. They then etch the metal away by reacting it with chlorine, leaving the surrounding carbon structure intact. Since the amount of metal in a carbide depends on the which metal is used, the pore size can be controlled quite accurately by a good choice of metal and the amount of etching performed.

Once the pore size reduced to that below the electrolyte ion plus surrounding solvent molecules , the effect of the pores was reduced. This is because the increased surface area only works if the distance between the electrolyte and plate remains constant and once the pores get too small the charges on the inside of the pore are too far from the nearest electrolyte ion. However, a further decrease in pore size saw the capacitance increase again. It turns out that when the material is so porous, many of the carbon atoms are just barely hanging on. As a result they can move around quite a bit, which allows the electrolyte to squeeze in. The resulting tight fit between the two means that along with an effective increase in surface area, the gap between the two plates is also decreased. Both of these factors increase the capacitance.

I would say the future looked foamy but my glass is empty.